Abstrict

Pakistan has always gone through political instability since its inception.(Zahid, A, et al.,2021).The study investigated the role of leading Pakistani newspapers during the vote on the issue of no-confidence. Two newspapers, Dawn News(English) and The Daily Jang(Urdu) were selected for comparative framing analysis. Content analysis using the Categorization Scheme, with pre-established categories developed with the Framing theory as a basis, is employed. Five different frames determined by Semetko and Volkenburg(2000) are observed in the selected newspapers. The result of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the coverage of Dawn News and The Daily Jang. The conflict frame was dominant in The Daily Jang, whereas the responsibility frame was dominant in Dawn News' coverage. Dawn News presented a more neutral Slant than The Daily Jang. Future studies will be done with a larger sample of newspapers and qualitative interviews with editors to gain insight into political issues.

Keywords

Framing Analysis, Political News, Vote of No Confidence, Pakistani Newspapers

Introduction

The news media determine how important an issue is based on how much attention it receives. Numerous indicators, such as the main item on page one, various front-page displays, and big headlines, indicate how important the issues are in the daily news as they appear in newspapers (McCombs,2005). The message's tone affects how likely it is to grab people's attention and shape their opinions. Negative messages are more effective than positive ones (Dellmuth &Tallberg,2023).  

Several studies have shown that the main ways in which the public learns about politics and current affairs are through traditional media, such as newspapers and television news (Shehata & Strömbäck, 2018). Framing gives communication meaning to be effectively understood in light of preexisting ideas or views (Entman, 2010). News frames provide a viewpoint and context that allow viewers to negotiate, control, and understand the messages and their meanings, which impacts how viewers interpret the communications (Goffman,1975).

Newspaper front page headlines indicate a topic that has received much attention. News editors are considered gatekeepers or guardians of political discourse (Griffin,1994). Newspapers greatly impact elections, and through media ownership, the very wealthy may greatly impact politics (Grossman, Margalit et al., 2022). According to updated data from the marketing research firm Gallup Pakistan, 36% of people in rural areas and 60% in cities read newspapers (Pahore, Memon et al., 2021). The cultural production system, including the media, reflects identity politics (Sabir, 2020). The newsprint market was dominated by three media groups: Nawaiwaqt, Dawn, and Jang. Each is perceived to have a distinct political tilt and has invested in both English and local newspapers (Ricciardi,2012).

Traditional media continues to significantly influence people's thoughts and emotions (Daud, 2021). The media identifies structural grounds for inefficiency and criticizes politicians and policies for their errors. The media greatly influences the public's perspective, priorities, and thoughts on politics and politicians ( Ahmed et al.,2013). Framing experts have found and examined many distinct frames in political discourse, usually for a particular issue. Scholars have also given much attention to framing; there is a ton of framing literature (Oxley, 2020). 

After the general elections in August 2018, the PTI government came. During Prime Minister Imran Khan's administration, there were numerous difficulties, and the Covid-19 pandemic made things very difficult. By the end of 2021, things were starting to turn around since Imran Khan was going to face a vote of no confidence from Pakistan's parliamentary opposition. The National Assembly of Pakistan approved a no-confidence resolution against a prime minister for the first time in history (Iqbal, Shahzad et al., 2023).

Research on media framing can also assist in holding media outlets responsible for their reporting methods. Studying political news coverage in newspapers is important because about 90% of news is related to politics. Policymakers can use this study's findings to develop a media system that is more accountable and transparent. For the first time in the history of Pakistan, the vote of no-confidence campaign was successful during this period. The rationale for taking the period from February 2022 to July 2022 is that during this time, the first-time vote of no-confidence campaign was successful against the prime minister. The rationale behind the choice of these newspapers is that although Jang is the most widely-read Urdu newspaper in the nation, Dawn is the most widely-read English newspaper in the country. In addition to being owners of their television channels, both media groups significantly impact their audience (Farooq & Ali, 2018). The rationale for comparing the English and Urdu media coverage is the dichotomy of thought on different issues represented by English and Urdu language media, which often belong to two distinct schools of thought (Shoeb,2008).

Pakistan has been in political instability and poor socio-economic conditions for the last two years. In the current situation, many different newspapers are reporting on political news. This study mainly addresses how different newspapers give coverage to the political news in newspapers. That helps the audience to understand the issues. The conflict between these parties gets vast media coverage with many media groups, newspapers, and private channels. Hence, it is essential to investigate how various media groups frame these issues differently. This study has been designed to address research questions and provide an improved understanding of the press's function in political campaigning. This study will examine themes and slants applied to political news in the newspaper. 

Objectives

1. To compare the coverage of framing of political News among English newspapers (The Dawn) and Urdu newspapers (The Daily Jang)

2. To find out the Slant of both Newspapers before and after the Vote of No Confidence Issue

3. To Identify the dominant frames in both English and Urdu Newspapers 

Research questions

1. What is the amount of coverage that political news gets in both newspapers?

2. What is the difference between the frames used in both newspapers?

3. Is there any difference in the Slant of both newspapers before and after a vote on the issue of no-confidence?

4. What are the dominant frames in both English and Urdu newspapers?

Hypothesis

1. There will be significant differences between the frames used in both newspapers

2. There is a difference in the Slant of both newspapers before and after a vote of no-confidence 

Literature

The media can significantly influence political participation and even impede some endeavors, but the media also has a greater influence on traditional forms of participation, such as voting (Boyle & Schmierbach, 2009). Research has also revealed that mass media companies are seen as necessary mobilizing forces in Hong Kong since they disseminate a substantial amount of information from political leaders to the public (Luqiu,2017). According to democracy theory, the media should inform the people and offer their opinions of political players' actions (Jamali, Shoukat et al., 2021). Politicians and campaign managers still use mainstream media to spread messages to wider audiences (Elishar-Malka, Ariel et al., 2020). Akhtar and Pratt (2016) revealed that Government media relationships are centered around economic concerns, and fierce competition among news organizations to host government advertisements has impacted journalistic standards. Governmental cartoons are used in Pakistani print media to critique the system's injustice, the abuse of political authority, and the gulf that exists between the people and government officials. (Azhar, Mehdi et al.,2021).

Political parties have little influence over most news media (Alzhrani, 2020). A researcher found that the two instances were portrayed and categorized differently in the publications. The methods media professionals use to tell their tales, whether intentionally or not, greatly impact how these meta-narratives are formed and sustained (Morin,2016). Conflict framing is frequently employed in regular news coverage despite being heavily utilized in political news coverage (Jamieson 1993). The findings of a study indicate that although both positive and negative news frames produced impacts, the negative news frame was more responsive to repetition (Lecheler, Keer, et al.,2015).

According to a research study, national news organizations used the attribution of responsibility framing more frequently than local news organizations, as was expected. Analysis revealed that national news outlets used the conflict frame the most (Wendorf Muhamad and Yang 2017). Furthermore, people's access to political content would affect how they vote (Wang 2021). The results of a study by Zaheer (2020) about Kashmir issue content in newspapers show that, in contrast to peace-frames, war-oriented journalism persisted in the media and dominated coverage. In addition, a study was published by Aleem, Ansari, and Habib (2020), who emphasized analyzing the coverage of blasphemy cases in Urdu and English newspapers of Pakistan. It was discovered that Jang maintained objectivity, whereas Dawn, on the other hand, reported from a liberal stance. The conflict frame is among the most widely utilized frameworks in journalism. Additionally, research has shown that conflict frames exacerbate the decline in political trust (Bartholomé, Lecheler et al. 2017). 

Aurangzaib et al. (2021) in research conclude that Dawn Daily is designed to provide impartial and fair information. On the other hand, Urdu media typically take a pro-government position when it comes to disseminating information. In addition to comparing Urdu and English newspapers, this study looks at how the Pakistani establishment contributed to the recent regime change on April 10, 2022. The results show that daily English content takes a logical and impartial stance. Sensational and biased reporting is still standard, notwithstanding Urdu Daily's mixed results (Abbas &  Yaseen, 2021). Many researchers use framing theory to analyze the media system during different issues like wars, elections, widespread protests, and social movements. However, there is little research about the issue of a vote of no confidence. Scholars have studied the framing of political news in media. However, some key gaps exist, such as Abbas & Yaseen (2021) qualitatively describe framing of a vote of no-confidence issues. This study conducts quantitative content analysis to fill this methodological gap.

Methodology

Quantitative content analysis is used to analyze printed documents, including newspaper analysis  (Ali, S., Qamar, A., & Manzoor, S.,2020). The content of two national newspapers is analyzed for five months, from February 2022 to June 2022. News on the front and back pages of newspapers is explored because it is considered most important to evaluate the prominence of any issue. The categorization scheme is key to analyzing newspaper and social media content. (Qamar, A., et al .,2020). This study involves a categorization scheme and coding sheet as a research tool. The researcher created the categorization scheme or a research technique used in this study in three main parts. They are variables, Categories, and rules. Type of story, Size of the news story, Frequency, Placement, Slant, and Frames were the main variables of this study. This study is targeting the framing of political news in two different governments. For this purpose, all the news published in DAWN and JANG newspapers from February 2022 to June 2022 are the population of this study. Pakistani leading newspapers were included in the population of this research.

This paper includes two newspapers, DAWN and The Daily Jang. The study included all the politics-related news from February 2022 to June 2022. For this study,1390 political news stories from Jang and 244 news stories from Dawn are taken as samples. In this study, the sample is selected by systematic random sampling. After data collection, the data obtained is examined using statistical analysis software, SPSS. Chi-square is used to find the association between the variables. All the political news within the selected period is considered a unit of analysis in this research. 

Data Findings and Analysis

Table 1

RQ1: What is the amount of coverage that political news gets in both newspapers?

Variables	Categories	Period	Dawn News	Jang News
Political News	Percentage of political news	Before VONC	46.3%	53%
	Percentage of political news	After VONC	53.7%	47%
Page	Front	Before VONC	34.2%	25%
		After VONC	41%	21.03%
	Back	Before VONC	12.09%	27.9%
		After VONC	12.6%	26%
Placement	Upper Half	Before VONC	35.3%	38.6%
		After VONC	39.5%	30.9%
	Lower Half	Before VONC	10.9%	14.4%
		After VONC	14.1%	15.9%
Picture	Yes	Before VONC	8.2%	7.6%
		After VONC	8.8%	7.9%
	NO	Before VONC	38%	45.3%
		After VONC	44.8%	39%
Type of news stories	Complete	-	25.96%	2.9%
	Continued to other pages	-	74.04%	97.1%
Size of news stories	Greater	-	17.40%	5.04%
	Moderate Greater	-	33.33%	15.35%
	Moderate Smaller	-	33.04%	64.9%
	Smaller	-	16.22%	14.63%

This table represents the analysis of political news coverage in Dawn and Jang newspapers. It shows the amount of coverage that political news received in both newspapers. 46.3% of the political news in Dawn News was covered before the vote of no confidence, whereas 53.7% was covered after the VONC. In Jang newspaper, 53% of political news was covered before the VONC, while 47% was covered after the VONC.

Table 2

RQ2: What is the difference between the frames being used in both newspapers?

Frames	Time	Dawn News	Jang News
Conflict	Before VONC	17.6%	25%
	After VONC	8.5%	18.6%
Economics	Before VONC	4.1%	3.5%
	After VONC	6.7%	6.3%
Human Interest	Before VONC	10.3%	9.9%
	After VONC	14.7%	6.5%
Morality	Before VONC	3.5%	3.6%
	After VONC	4.4%	1.5%
Responsibility	Before VONC	11.7%	10.6%
	After VONC	18.5%	14.5%

Data Findings and Analysis

This table shows the percentages of Frames implied by Dawn News and Jang News for the coverage of political news within a specific period. Before VONC, the conflict frame was mostly used in Dawn (17.6%) and Jang news (25%). After VONC, the responsibility frame was used with the highest percentage in Dawn News (18.5%); in Jang (18.6%), the conflict frame was prepotent.

Table 3

RQ3: Is there any difference in the Slant of both Newspapers before and after the vote on the no-confidence issue?

Slant	Period	Dawn News	Jang News
Favorable to Govt	Before VONC	14.1%	12.8%
	After VONC	10.6%	16.1%
Favorable to Other Political Parties	Before VONC	3.2%	5.6%
	After VONC	6.1%	4.6%
Against the Govt	Before VONC	11.5%	16.9%
	After VONC	12.6%	8.1%
AgainstOther Parties	Before VONC	7.1%	8.50%
	After VONC	10.3%	15.7%
Neutral	Before VONC	10.32%	9%
	After VONC	14.1%	11.3%

This table shows the difference in the Slant of both English and Urdu newspapers before and after a vote on the no-confidence issue. There was a clear difference between the Slant of both newspapers.

Table 4

RQ4: What are the dominant frames in both English and Urdu newspapers?

Frames	Dawn News	Jang News
Conflict	26.3%	43.8%
Economics	10.9%	9.9%
Human Interest	25.0%	16.5%
Morality	7.4%	4.9%
Responsibility	30.4%	24.7%
Total	100%	100%

This table shows the percentages of frames found in political news coverage in English and Urdu Newspapers. The responsibility frame was the dominant frame in Dawn News, whereas the conflict frame was dominant in the coverage of Jang newspaper.

Hypotheses

There will be significant differences between the frames used in both newspapers

Table 5

Dawn News' Frames (Chi-Square Tests)




	Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	23.435a	4	.000
Likelihood Ratio	23.752	4	.000
Linear-by-Linear Association	10.860	1	.001
N of Valid Cases	339
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have an expected count of less than 5. The minimum expected count is 11.58.

The p-value is (.000), lesser than the benchmark significant value of  0.05). The result is considerable- the data proposes that the frames used in Dawn News for political news coverage are associated. The result of the chi-square test is significant.

Table 6

Jang News' Frames (Chi-Square Tests)

	Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	50.616a	4	.000
Likelihood Ratio	51.339	4	.000
Linear-by-Linear Association	7.341	1	.007
N of Valid Cases	1384
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have an expected count of less than 5. The minimum expected count is 31.99.

The p-value is (.000) smaller than the significant level (normally 0.05). The result of this chi-square is substantial. The data proposes that the frames used in Jang News for political news coverage are associated with significant differences.

H2: There is a difference in the Slant of both newspapers before and after VONC 

Table 7

Dawn News' Slant (Chi-square tests)

	Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	6.989a	4	.136
Likelihood Ratio	7.025	4	.135
Linear-by-Linear Association	3.083	1	.079
N of Valid Cases	339
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have an expected count of less than 5. The minimum expected count is 14.82.

The p-value is (.136) greater than the significant value (normally .05). The difference in Slant of Dawn News is insignificant.

Jang News's Slant (Chi-Square Tests)

	Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	128.983a	4	.000
Likelihood Ratio	133.415	4	.000
Linear-by-Linear Association	11.755	1	.001
N of Valid Cases	1388

The p-value is (.000) less than with a significant level of ( 0.05). The chi-square test result is significant- the data show an association between the slants of Jang News.

This research found that the difference between the coverage of political issues before and after a vote of no confidence was insignificant in Dawn newspaper. In contrast, there was a considerable difference in the news stories before and after a vote of no confidence in Jang newspaper. Both newspapers frame news on the same issue differently according to their choices.

Discussion

This research aimed to examine the frames of political news in Pakistani English and Urdu newspapers. The study was based on the concepts about framing provided by (Goffman, 1975), (Tankard,1991), (Entman, 1993), (Reese, 2001) and (Gamson &Modigliani,1987). Frames include the categories derived(Semetko & Valkenburg,2000). It has been observed that Daily Jang gave more coverage to political news before VONC than Dawn News. After VONC, Dawn News gave more coverage to political news. The conflict frame was the most prominent in the coverage of The Daily Jang both before and after the vote on the no-confidence issue, as proposed by Jamieson (1993). Conflict framing is widely employed in political news.

In Dawn News, political news mostly showed economic frames, unlike Jang News, before and after the VONC issue. The Human Interest Frame was also more commonly used in political news coverage in Dawn News than in The Daily Jang. The morality frame was more frequent in Jang News before the vote of no confidence than in Dawn News, whereas the morality frame was more frequent in Dawn News than Jang News after the VONC. The responsibility frame was the leading frame in the coverage of political news in Dawn News, rather than Jang News, both before and after VONC. This study result is similar to the work of   Wendorf, Muhamad & Yang (2017), who stated that, as predicted, national news organizations employed the attribution of responsibility frame more frequently than local news organizations. The Slant of Urdu and English Newspaper differ before and after the vote of no confidence. In Pakistan, news reporting in Urdu and English is typically said to vary greatly, with English media emphasizing a more liberal and rational viewpoint and Urdu periodicals adopting a more traditional and conservative posture (Abbas and Yaseen 2021). According to analysis, national news outlets most frequently employed the conflict frame. The Daily Jang used the Conflict frame significantly for political news coverage as (Bartholomé, Lecheler, et al. 2017) conclude that one of the frameworks used in journalism the most frequently is the conflict frame.

Conclusion

This study intended to investigate the Pakistani English and Urdu media covering the political news during the time of vote of no confidence issue. Framing theory served as the basis for this investigation. The main focus of this analysis was to find out the difference between the coverage of English and Urdu newspapers. This research found a significant difference between political news reporting in both Urdu and English newspapers. In this study, different frames are explored and used in the political publications of both newspapers. The results showed a shift in the Slant of the newspapers with the change in government.

Generally, there was a difference in political news coverage between Urdu and English newspapers. Dawn News applied a neutral stance before and after the vote on the issue of no-confidence. (Morin,2016; Wendorf Muhamad and Yang, 2017; Aurangzaib, Zeeshan, et al., 2021; Aleem, Ansari, et al., 2020) found that issues are portrayed and categorized differently in the publications. Similarly, this research found a significant difference between political news reporting in both Urdu and English newspapers.

Future studies could also be conducted with different media and political systems. Framing analysis could be applied to various online media. Studies using qualitative methods, like interviews with reporters and editors, may provide some insight into the relationship between media and politics. Future researchers can research the vote of no-confidence scenario with different research methods, such as critical discourse analysis for such kinds of analysis. Tweets of different politicians could also be investigated to get insight into the stance of politicians during the vote on the issue of no-confidence. As an outcome, this research provides a framework for future research and allows parallel or proactive investigations in framing analysis.

The current study mainly concentrated on print media rather than other media platforms, which provide further knowledge about the political news delivered using framing methods. The researcher only covered the front and back pages of the newspapers. Future researchers could also explore the other parts of the newspaper to understand framing better. The Daily Jang is a local newspaper, and Dawn is an international newspaper. Jang covers a larger audience because of its local language, while Dawn covers a smaller audience compared to The Daily Jang because of its language. These differences could also impact our results. Researchers can increase the period to better understand the framing analysis of political news stories.

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