OFFSHORE BALANCING AS GRAND STRATEGY HEGEMONIC CONTROL AND SINOUS TRADE WAR IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-IV).04      10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-IV).04      Published : Dec 4
Authored by : Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad Siddiqui , Muhammad Imran Pasha , Saira Akram

04 Pages : 33-42

References

  • Afzal, M. (2020, June 15).
  • Allday, L, (2014). The British in The Gulf: An Overview.
  • Autor, D. H. (2018). Trade and Labor Markets: Lessons from China's Rise. IZA World of Labor. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.431
  • Bloom, N., Draca, M., & Van Reenen, J. (2016). Trade Induced Technical Change? The Impact of Chinese Imports on Innovation, I.T. and Productivity. The Review of Economic Studies, 83, 87-117. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdv039
  • Bown, C., Jung, E., & Lu, Z. (2018). Trump, China, and Tariffs: From Soybeans to Semiconductors. VOX, CEPR Policy Portal.
  • Carr, E. H. (1945). Nationalism and After. Macmillan.
  • Carr, E. H. (1946). The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919- 1939: An Introduction to The Study of International Relations. Macmillan London.
  • Chong, T. T. L., & Li, X. (2019). Understanding the China-US trade war: causes, economic impact, and the worst-case scenario. Economic and Political Studies, 7(2), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2019.15 95328.
  • Countries by GDP (PPP) 2020. (2021). StatisticsTimes.Com. https://www.statisticstimes.com/economy/co untries-by-gdp-ppp.php
  • Dalgaard, C.-J. et al. (2018). Public goods are REALLY good: thousands of years later, the Roman roads are still paying dividends. Boing Boing. https://boingboing.net/2018/04/10/romanes- eunt-domus.html
  • Davis, P. K. (2001). 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford University Press, U.S.A.
  • Dawn. (2018, July 11). What's on everyone's mind in China-US trade war? https://www.dawn.com/news/1419321
  • Dirzauskaite, G. & Ilinca, N. C. (2017). Understanding https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/26024 7380/Understanding__Hegemony__in_Inter national_Relations_Theories.pdf
  • Doyle, M. W. (1986) Empires. Cornell University Press.
  • E.C.B. (2018). Macroeconomic Implications of Increasing Protectionism. E.C.B. Economic Bulletin 6/2018, Frankfurt.
  • Economic Survey of Pakistan. (2020). Pakistan Economic Survey 2019-20. Islamabad: Ministry of Finance.
  • Erken, H. P. G., Every, M., & Giesbergen, B. (2018). US-China Trade War: Back to the Future. Rabobank.
  • Fajgelbaum, P. D., Goldberg, P. K., Kennedy, P. J., & Khandelwal, A. K. (2019). The Return to Protectionism*. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz036
  • Ferguson, N. (2005). The unconscious colossus: limits of (& alternatives to) American empire. Daedalus, 134(2), 18-33. https://doi.org/10.1162/001152605388741 9.
  • Findling, J. E. & Thackeray, F. W. (2002). Events that Changed Great Britain Since 1689. Greenwood Press.
  • Freund, C.L., Ferrantino, M.J., Maliszewska, M., & Ruta, M. (2018). Impacts on global trade and income of current trade disputes. Macroeconomics, Trade Investment (M.T.I.) Practice Notes.
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gilpin, R. (2016). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton University Press
  • Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.
  • Hobson, J. M. (2000). The State and International Relations. Cambridge University Press.
  • Iqbal Dar, A. (2019). The Hell of Good Intentions: America's Foreign Policy Elite and the Decline of US Primacy. Asian Affairs, 50(3), 412-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2019.16 35824.
  • Itakura, K. (2019). Evaluating the Impact of the US-China Trade War. Asian Economic Policy Review, 15(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12286.
  • Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Kimberly, A. (2018). Trade Wars and How They Affect You.
  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1978). Government and International Trade. International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University.
  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1981). Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy: Exploitation, Public Goods, and Free Rides. International Studies Quarterly. Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, U.K., 25(2), 242-254.
  • Kishore, M. (2008). The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Konig, M., Song, Z., Storesletten, K., & Zilibotti, F. (2017). From Imitation to Innovation? Where Is All that Chinese R & D Going? Working Paper in Progress, New Haven, CT: Yale University.
  • Krasner, S. D. (1983). International Regimes. Cornell University Press.
  • Krauthammer, C. (1990). The Unipolar Moment. Foreign Affairs, 70(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.2307/20044692.
  • Liadze, I. (2018). Trade War Saga Continues. NiGEM Observations, No 13. The National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR).
  • Liu, K. (2020). The effects of the China-US trade war during 2018-2019 on the Chinese economy: an initial assessment. Economic and Political Studies.
  • Lovely, M. E., & Liang, Y. (2018). Revised Tariffs against China Hit Non-Chinese Supply Chains even Harder. Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2018). Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. Yale University Press
  • Mentan, T. (2010). The State in Africa: An Analysis of Impacts of Historical Trajectories of Global Capitalist Expansion and Domination in the Continent. African Books Collective
  • Napoleon. (1817). A Sketch from Life at St Helena. London: F. P. Tomkins.
  • Nye, J. S. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, 80, 153-171. https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580
  • Paul, D. (1995).Towards a New Balance of Power in Asia. Adelphi Paper 295. pp. 33-34. Cited in Brendan Taylor,
  • Prieger, J. E., Bampoky, C., Blanco, L. R., & Liu, A. (2016). Economic Growth and the Optimal Level of Entrepreneurship. World Development, 82, 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.01. 013
  • Propakistani. (2019, December). End of US-China Trade War: What's in it For Pakistan? https://propakistani.pk/2020/01/16/end-of- us-china-trade-war-whats-in-it-forpakistan/
  • Pstaniland. (2020, September 25). 4 Questions on India, Liberalism, America, etc. Paul Staniland. https://paulstaniland.com/2020/09/25/4- questions-on-india-liberalism-america-etc/
  • Pugh, M. (1999). Britain Since 1789: A Concise History. Macmillan.
  • Random, H. (2001). Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. Thunder Bay Press.
  • Ross, S. (2004). Conrad and Empire. University of Missouri Press.
  • Shubhajit, R. (2020). Explained: What is in the India-US defence deals? https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/m ichael-pompeo-rajnath-singh-india-visit-us- defence-deals-6812159/
  • Statista. (2020, May 28). Number of middle class population in China 2002-2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/875874/m iddle-class-population-in-china/
  • Strange, S. (1987). The Persistent Myth of Lost Hegemony', International Organization. Cambridge University Press, 41(4), 551-574.
  • Tellis, A. J. (2020). India's Path to the Big Leagues - The Day After. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/09/09/ india-s-path-to-big-leagues-pub-82470
  • The World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GD P.PCAP.PP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=tr ue
  • Thomas, P. (2009). The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony and Marxism. Brill.
  • Thucydides. (2017). The History of the Peloponnesian War. New York: Dover Publications Inc
  • Trade Map. (2020). Bilateral trade between Pakistan and China: Product: TOTAL All products. https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx ?nvpm
  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). https://www.census.gov/foreign- trade/balance/c5700.html
  • U.S. Security Cooperation With India. (2021, January 14). United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security- cooperation-with-india/
  • Vogel, S. (2018). Changing the Soybean Trade Rhythm. Rabobank. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security- cooperation-with-india/
  • Wallerstein, I. M. (2004). World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Duke University Press
  • Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of International Politics. Waveland Press.
  • Webb, M. C. & Krasner, S. D. (1989) 'Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Empirical Assessment', Review of International Studies. Cambridge University Press, 15(2), pp. 183-198.
  • Wei, S. J., Xie, Z., & Zhang, X. (2017). From https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.49
  • Wu, H. X. (2014). China's Growth and Productivity Performance Debate Revisited. The Conference Board Economics Working Papers No. 14-01.
  • Yu, M. (2014). Processing Trade, Tariff Reductions and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Firms. The Economic Journal, 125, 943-988. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12127
  • Zolo, D. (2007). 'Contemporary Uses of The Notion of

References

  • Afzal, M. (2020, June 15).
  • Allday, L, (2014). The British in The Gulf: An Overview.
  • Autor, D. H. (2018). Trade and Labor Markets: Lessons from China's Rise. IZA World of Labor. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.431
  • Bloom, N., Draca, M., & Van Reenen, J. (2016). Trade Induced Technical Change? The Impact of Chinese Imports on Innovation, I.T. and Productivity. The Review of Economic Studies, 83, 87-117. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdv039
  • Bown, C., Jung, E., & Lu, Z. (2018). Trump, China, and Tariffs: From Soybeans to Semiconductors. VOX, CEPR Policy Portal.
  • Carr, E. H. (1945). Nationalism and After. Macmillan.
  • Carr, E. H. (1946). The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919- 1939: An Introduction to The Study of International Relations. Macmillan London.
  • Chong, T. T. L., & Li, X. (2019). Understanding the China-US trade war: causes, economic impact, and the worst-case scenario. Economic and Political Studies, 7(2), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2019.15 95328.
  • Countries by GDP (PPP) 2020. (2021). StatisticsTimes.Com. https://www.statisticstimes.com/economy/co untries-by-gdp-ppp.php
  • Dalgaard, C.-J. et al. (2018). Public goods are REALLY good: thousands of years later, the Roman roads are still paying dividends. Boing Boing. https://boingboing.net/2018/04/10/romanes- eunt-domus.html
  • Davis, P. K. (2001). 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford University Press, U.S.A.
  • Dawn. (2018, July 11). What's on everyone's mind in China-US trade war? https://www.dawn.com/news/1419321
  • Dirzauskaite, G. & Ilinca, N. C. (2017). Understanding https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/26024 7380/Understanding__Hegemony__in_Inter national_Relations_Theories.pdf
  • Doyle, M. W. (1986) Empires. Cornell University Press.
  • E.C.B. (2018). Macroeconomic Implications of Increasing Protectionism. E.C.B. Economic Bulletin 6/2018, Frankfurt.
  • Economic Survey of Pakistan. (2020). Pakistan Economic Survey 2019-20. Islamabad: Ministry of Finance.
  • Erken, H. P. G., Every, M., & Giesbergen, B. (2018). US-China Trade War: Back to the Future. Rabobank.
  • Fajgelbaum, P. D., Goldberg, P. K., Kennedy, P. J., & Khandelwal, A. K. (2019). The Return to Protectionism*. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz036
  • Ferguson, N. (2005). The unconscious colossus: limits of (& alternatives to) American empire. Daedalus, 134(2), 18-33. https://doi.org/10.1162/001152605388741 9.
  • Findling, J. E. & Thackeray, F. W. (2002). Events that Changed Great Britain Since 1689. Greenwood Press.
  • Freund, C.L., Ferrantino, M.J., Maliszewska, M., & Ruta, M. (2018). Impacts on global trade and income of current trade disputes. Macroeconomics, Trade Investment (M.T.I.) Practice Notes.
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gilpin, R. (2016). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton University Press
  • Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.
  • Hobson, J. M. (2000). The State and International Relations. Cambridge University Press.
  • Iqbal Dar, A. (2019). The Hell of Good Intentions: America's Foreign Policy Elite and the Decline of US Primacy. Asian Affairs, 50(3), 412-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2019.16 35824.
  • Itakura, K. (2019). Evaluating the Impact of the US-China Trade War. Asian Economic Policy Review, 15(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12286.
  • Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Kimberly, A. (2018). Trade Wars and How They Affect You.
  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1978). Government and International Trade. International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University.
  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1981). Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy: Exploitation, Public Goods, and Free Rides. International Studies Quarterly. Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, U.K., 25(2), 242-254.
  • Kishore, M. (2008). The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Konig, M., Song, Z., Storesletten, K., & Zilibotti, F. (2017). From Imitation to Innovation? Where Is All that Chinese R & D Going? Working Paper in Progress, New Haven, CT: Yale University.
  • Krasner, S. D. (1983). International Regimes. Cornell University Press.
  • Krauthammer, C. (1990). The Unipolar Moment. Foreign Affairs, 70(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.2307/20044692.
  • Liadze, I. (2018). Trade War Saga Continues. NiGEM Observations, No 13. The National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR).
  • Liu, K. (2020). The effects of the China-US trade war during 2018-2019 on the Chinese economy: an initial assessment. Economic and Political Studies.
  • Lovely, M. E., & Liang, Y. (2018). Revised Tariffs against China Hit Non-Chinese Supply Chains even Harder. Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2018). Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. Yale University Press
  • Mentan, T. (2010). The State in Africa: An Analysis of Impacts of Historical Trajectories of Global Capitalist Expansion and Domination in the Continent. African Books Collective
  • Napoleon. (1817). A Sketch from Life at St Helena. London: F. P. Tomkins.
  • Nye, J. S. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, 80, 153-171. https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580
  • Paul, D. (1995).Towards a New Balance of Power in Asia. Adelphi Paper 295. pp. 33-34. Cited in Brendan Taylor,
  • Prieger, J. E., Bampoky, C., Blanco, L. R., & Liu, A. (2016). Economic Growth and the Optimal Level of Entrepreneurship. World Development, 82, 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.01. 013
  • Propakistani. (2019, December). End of US-China Trade War: What's in it For Pakistan? https://propakistani.pk/2020/01/16/end-of- us-china-trade-war-whats-in-it-forpakistan/
  • Pstaniland. (2020, September 25). 4 Questions on India, Liberalism, America, etc. Paul Staniland. https://paulstaniland.com/2020/09/25/4- questions-on-india-liberalism-america-etc/
  • Pugh, M. (1999). Britain Since 1789: A Concise History. Macmillan.
  • Random, H. (2001). Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. Thunder Bay Press.
  • Ross, S. (2004). Conrad and Empire. University of Missouri Press.
  • Shubhajit, R. (2020). Explained: What is in the India-US defence deals? https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/m ichael-pompeo-rajnath-singh-india-visit-us- defence-deals-6812159/
  • Statista. (2020, May 28). Number of middle class population in China 2002-2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/875874/m iddle-class-population-in-china/
  • Strange, S. (1987). The Persistent Myth of Lost Hegemony', International Organization. Cambridge University Press, 41(4), 551-574.
  • Tellis, A. J. (2020). India's Path to the Big Leagues - The Day After. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/09/09/ india-s-path-to-big-leagues-pub-82470
  • The World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GD P.PCAP.PP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=tr ue
  • Thomas, P. (2009). The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony and Marxism. Brill.
  • Thucydides. (2017). The History of the Peloponnesian War. New York: Dover Publications Inc
  • Trade Map. (2020). Bilateral trade between Pakistan and China: Product: TOTAL All products. https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx ?nvpm
  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). https://www.census.gov/foreign- trade/balance/c5700.html
  • U.S. Security Cooperation With India. (2021, January 14). United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security- cooperation-with-india/
  • Vogel, S. (2018). Changing the Soybean Trade Rhythm. Rabobank. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security- cooperation-with-india/
  • Wallerstein, I. M. (2004). World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Duke University Press
  • Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of International Politics. Waveland Press.
  • Webb, M. C. & Krasner, S. D. (1989) 'Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Empirical Assessment', Review of International Studies. Cambridge University Press, 15(2), pp. 183-198.
  • Wei, S. J., Xie, Z., & Zhang, X. (2017). From https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.49
  • Wu, H. X. (2014). China's Growth and Productivity Performance Debate Revisited. The Conference Board Economics Working Papers No. 14-01.
  • Yu, M. (2014). Processing Trade, Tariff Reductions and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Firms. The Economic Journal, 125, 943-988. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12127
  • Zolo, D. (2007). 'Contemporary Uses of The Notion of

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Siddiqui, M. S. A., Pasha, M. I., & Akram, S. (2021). Offshore Balancing as Grand Strategy: Hegemonic Control and Sino-US Trade War; Implications for Pakistan. Global Political Review, VI(IV), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-IV).04

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Siddiqui, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Pasha, and Saira Akram. 2021. "Offshore Balancing as Grand Strategy: Hegemonic Control and Sino-US Trade War; Implications for Pakistan." Global Political Review, VI (IV): 33-42 doi: 10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-IV).04

HARVARD

    HARVARD : SIDDIQUI, M. S. A., PASHA, M. I. & AKRAM, S. 2021. Offshore Balancing as Grand Strategy: Hegemonic Control and Sino-US Trade War; Implications for Pakistan. Global Political Review, VI, 33-42.

MHRA

    MHRA : Siddiqui, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Pasha, and Saira Akram. 2021. "Offshore Balancing as Grand Strategy: Hegemonic Control and Sino-US Trade War; Implications for Pakistan." Global Political Review, VI: 33-42

MLA

    MLA : Siddiqui, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Pasha, and Saira Akram. "Offshore Balancing as Grand Strategy: Hegemonic Control and Sino-US Trade War; Implications for Pakistan." Global Political Review, VI.IV (2021): 33-42 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Siddiqui, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Pasha, Muhammad Imran, and Akram, Saira (2021), "Offshore Balancing as Grand Strategy: Hegemonic Control and Sino-US Trade War; Implications for Pakistan", Global Political Review, VI (IV), 33-42

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Siddiqui, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Pasha, and Saira Akram. "Offshore Balancing as Grand Strategy: Hegemonic Control and Sino-US Trade War; Implications for Pakistan." Global Political Review VI, no. IV (2021): 33-42. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-IV).04