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- Lake, D. A. (1999). Entangling relations: American foreign policy in its century (80). Princeton University Press.
- Lambeth, S. B. (2005). Air Power Against Terror. America ÃŒÂs Conduct of Operation Enduring Freedom, RAND.
- López, F. B. (2020). The Military Strategies in Afghanistan (2001-2014).
- Magsamen, K., & Fuchs, M. (2019). The Case for a New U.S. Relationship with Afghanistan. Center for American Progress, 29.
- Mashal, M. (2019). In Afghanistan, Trump creates confusion over U.S. policy on Taliban. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/worl d/asia/afghanistan-taliban-peace-talks-ghani- trump.html
- Mastanduno, M. (2008). After Bush: A Return to Multilateralism in U.S. Foreign Policy? Politics, 30, 33-46.
- Mayer, K. R. (2009). Going alone: The presidential power of unilateral action. The Oxford handbook of the American presidency, 427- 454.
- Miller, P. D. (2016). Obama's Failed Legacy in Afghanistan. American Interest.
- Miller, P. D. (2016). American power and liberal order: A conservative internationalist grand strategy. Georgetown University Press.
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- Ondrejcsák, R. (2009). American foreign and security policy under Barack Obama: change and continuity. Panorama of Global Security Environment, 147-162.
- Paul, J. (n.d.). U.N. Involvement in Afghanistan. In Global Policy Forum. https://www.globalpolicy.org/security- council/index-of-countries-on-the-security- council-agenda/afghanistan.html
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- Pforzheimer, A. (2020, January 29). To End America's War in Afghanistan, U.S. Troops Can't Leave Yet. https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2020/01 /end-americas-war-afghanistan-us-troops- cant-leave-yet/162754/
- Pham, J. P. (2008). What is in the National Interest? Hans Morgenthau's realist vision and American foreign policy. American Foreign Policy Interests, 30(5), 256-265.
- Phillips, J. (1980). The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. The Heritage Foundation.
- Rubin, B. R. (2006). Peace Building and State- Building in Afghanistan: constructing sovereignty for whose security?. Third World Quarterly, 27(1), 175-185.
- Rubin, B.R. (2020, February 26).Afghanistan is not Doomed to Repeat its Past. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/10/26/afghani stan-interim-government-taliban-soviet- union/
- Ruggie, J. (1993).Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form,New York: Columbia University Press.
- Ruggie, J. G. (2006). Doctrinal Unilateralism and its Limits. American Foreign Policy in a Globalized World, 31-50.
- Rumsfeld, D. A. (2001, November 6). Center for Security Policy https://www.hsdl.org/?view
- Salama, V. (2020, September 21). Former Trump National Security Adviser says Withdrawal of U.S. Troops from Afghanistan and Germany is a Mistake.CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/20/politics/ h-r-mcmaster-afghanistan-germany-us- troops/index.htm
- Salman, F. (2019, November 7).The United States cannot repeat its Syria withdrawal mistake in Afghanistan. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new- atlanticist/the-united-states-cannot-repeat-its- syria-withdrawal-mistake-in-afghanistan/
- Sheikh, M. K., & Khan, A. (2019). Prospects of a settlement with the Afghan Taliban: Exit, peace and governance from the Taliban perspective (No. 2019: 01). DIIS Report.
- Smith, M. A. (2012). Power in the changing global order: the U.S., Russia and China. Polity.
- Suhrke, A. (2012). Waging war and building peace in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 19(4), 478-491.
- Tellis, A. J., & Eggers, J. (2017). U.S. Policy in Afghanistan: Changing Strategies, Preserving Gains. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- U.S. Relations with Afghanistan. (2019, July 8). https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with- afghanistan/
- U.N., Security Council, Res. 1378/2001, 14th November
- U.N., Security Council, Res. 1383/2001, 6th December
- U.N., Security Council, Res. 1386/2001, 20th December
- UNDP-Afghanistan (1997-1999) PEACE Initiative: Poverty Eradication and Community Empowerment; United Nation Development Programme USA. https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/81 2-AF97-15013.pdf
- Vigier, C. (2009). Conflict Assessment Afghanistan.
- Whitlock, C. (2019). The Afghanistan Papers A Secret History of the War: Stranded Without A Strategy. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2 019/investigations/ afghanistan- papers/afghanistan-war-strategy/
- Williams, M. J. (2010). Obama nation?: U.S. foreign policy one year on: the right war?: Obama's Afghanistan strategy.
- Zartman, I. W. (1995). Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars. Brookings Institution Press.
- Afghan War (1972-1992). (n.d.). In Britannica.com Encyclopaedia. https://www.britannica.com/event/ Afghan- War
- Alford, D. J. & Tarzi, A. (2020, September 11). The Need for an Enduring U.S. Military Presence in Afghanistan. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/the-need- for-an-enduring-us-military-presence-in- afghanistan/
- BBC.CO.UK. (n.d.). The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/g uides/ztb8y4j /revision/4
- Berdal, M. ( 2001-2014). A Mission Too Far? NATO and Afghanistan. Politics, 18, 3.
- Brands, H., & Feaver, P. (2017). Trump and terrorism: U.S. strategy after ISIS. Foreign Affairs, 96, 28.
- Brookings. (2020, August 13). The Future of U.S. Policy in Afghanistan. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order- from-chaos/2020/08/13/rightsizing-the- afghanistan-mission/
- Brookings. (2020, September 30). The Future of U.S. Policy in Afghanistan. https://www.brookings.edu/events/the- future-of-us-policy-in-afghanistan/
- Brown, D. (2004). ‘The war on terrorism would not be possible without NATO': a critique. Contemporary Security Policy, 25(3), 409-429.
- Buckley, M., & Singh, R. (Eds.). (2006). The Bush doctrine and the war on terrorism: global responses, global consequences. Routledge. (This is APA style)
- Bush, G. W. (2001). President Bush Announces Strikes Against Taliban. The Washington Post, 7.
- Clayton, T. (2020). Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy in Brief. Congressional Research Service, R45122.
- Correll, J. (2019). Lessons to be learnt from Afghanistan papers. The New Yorker.
- Cowhey, P. F. (1993). Domestic institutions and the credibility of international commitments: Japan and the United States. International Organization, 299-326.
- Cox, M. & Stokes, D. U.S. Foreign Policy, (2nd Ed.). London: Oxford Press.
- Crews, R. D., & Tarzi, A. (Eds.). (2009). The Taliban and the crisis of Afghanistan. Harvard University Press
- Digitallibrary.UN.Org (2001, November 14). Resolution 1378 (2001), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/ 452431?ln=en
- Dobbins, J. (2008). After the Taliban: Nation- building in Afghanistan. Nebraska: Potomac Books, Inc.
- Dombrowski, P., & Reich, S. (2018). Beyond the tweets: President Trump's continuity in military operations. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 12(2), 56-81
- Dorani, S. (2019a). America in Afghanistan: Foreign Policy and Decision Making from Bush to Obama to Trump. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Dorani, S. (2019b). The Foreign Policy Decision Making Approaches and Their Applications Case Study: Bush, Obama and Trump's Decision Making towards Afghanistan and the Region. Indexing & Abstracting, 69.
- Dorronsoro, G. (2009). Focus and exit: An alternative strategy for the Afghan war. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- Dubreuil, L. (2009). Dexter Filkins, the Forever War (New York, Vintage, 2008), 384 pp.
- Fair, C. C. (2010).
- Felbab-Brown, V. (2017). President Trump's Afghanistan policy: Hopes and pitfalls. Brookings Institution.
- Fishstein, P., & Amiryar, M. E. (2015). Afghan Economic Policy, Institutions, and Society since 2001. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
- George, S. (2020). The Taliban and the Afghan government are finally talking peace: What they're negotiating and what to expect. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com /world/asia_pacific/afghan-talks- faq/2020/09/13/68675d94-f4f8-11ea-8025- 5d3489768ac8_story.html
- Gibbs, D. N. (2000). Afghanistan: The Soviet invasion in retrospect. International Politics, 37(2), 233-245.
- Gowan, R. (2010). The Obama administration and multilateralism: Europe relegated. FRIDE Policy Brief, (39).
- Hawkins, D. G., Lake, D. A., Nielson, D. L., & Tierney, M. J. (Eds.). (2006). Delegation and agency in international organizations. Cambridge University Press.
- Holsti, O. R. (2004). Public opinion and American foreign policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Hooker, R. D., & Collins, J. J. (Eds.). (2015). Lessons Encountered: Learning from the Long War. Washington D.C.:NDU Press.
- House, W. (2011). National Strategy for Counterterrorism, June. https://obamawhitehouse.archives .gov/blog/2011/06/29/national-strategy- counterterrorism
- Hybel, A. R. (2014). Barack Obama and the Afghan War. In U.S. Foreign Policy Decision- Making from Kennedy to Obama (pp. 157- 173). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
- Hybel, A. R. (2014). George W. Bush and the Afghan and Iraq Wars. In U.S. Foreign Policy Decision-Making from Kennedy to Obama (pp. 115-156). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
- Immanuel, W. (1995). After Liberalism. New Press. New York.
- Jaffe, G., & Ryan, M. (2015). Obama Outlines Plan to Keep 5,500 Troops in Afghanistan. Washington Post, October, 15.
- Jan, A. (1999). Pakistan on a Precipice. Asian Survey, 39(5), 699-719.
- Jan, A. (1999). Prospects for Peace in Afghanistan: The Role of Pakistan. International Peace Academy, USA.
- Jehl, D. (2003). Afghan Front Heats Up, and Rumsfeld Urges Patience. New York Times, 8, 128.
- Jentleson, B. W. (2013). American Foreign Policy: The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century (5th Ed.). New York/London: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Johnson, D. D. P, & Elizabeth, M. M. (2008).
- Kagan, R. (2012). The World America Made. Alfred A. Knopf: New York.
- Katzman, K. (2016, June). Afghanistan: Post- Taliban governance, security, and U.S. policy. Library of Congress Washington D.C.Congressional Research Service.
- Keohane, R. (1990) 'Multilateralism: An Agenda for Research', International Journal, (45) 4.
- Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (1985). Two cheers for multilateralism. Foreign Policy, (60), 148- 167.
- LaFeber, W. (2002). The Bush Doctrine. Diplomatic History, 26(4), 543- 558.
- Lake, D. A. (1999). Entangling relations: American foreign policy in its century (80). Princeton University Press.
- Lambeth, S. B. (2005). Air Power Against Terror. America ÃŒÂs Conduct of Operation Enduring Freedom, RAND.
- López, F. B. (2020). The Military Strategies in Afghanistan (2001-2014).
- Magsamen, K., & Fuchs, M. (2019). The Case for a New U.S. Relationship with Afghanistan. Center for American Progress, 29.
- Mashal, M. (2019). In Afghanistan, Trump creates confusion over U.S. policy on Taliban. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/worl d/asia/afghanistan-taliban-peace-talks-ghani- trump.html
- Mastanduno, M. (2008). After Bush: A Return to Multilateralism in U.S. Foreign Policy? Politics, 30, 33-46.
- Mayer, K. R. (2009). Going alone: The presidential power of unilateral action. The Oxford handbook of the American presidency, 427- 454.
- Miller, P. D. (2016). Obama's Failed Legacy in Afghanistan. American Interest.
- Miller, P. D. (2016). American power and liberal order: A conservative internationalist grand strategy. Georgetown University Press.
- Milner, H. V., & Tingley, D. (2013). The choice for multilateralism: Foreign aid and American foreign policy. The Review of International Organizations, 8(3), 313-341.
- Myers, M. (2020, August 6). Pentagon not Confirming any Plans to Halve U.S. troops in Afghanistan by the Election. Military Times. https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your- military/2020/08/06/pentagon-not- confirming-any-plans-to-halve-us-troops-in- afghanistan-by-the-election/
- NATO & Afghanistan. (2020, October 13). https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_8 189.htm
- NATO. int(2015, September 1).ISAF's mission in Afghanistan (2001-2014) (Archived), https://www.nato.int/cps/en/nato hq/topics_69366.htm
- Nau, H. R. (2010). Obama's Foreign Policy. Policy Review 60. [Online], Available: http://www.gees.org/files/documentation/25 042010085227_Documen-07823.pdf
- Nielson, D. L., & Tierney, M. J. (2003). Delegation to international organizations: Agency theory and World Bank environmental reform. International organization, 241-276.
- Nye, J. S. (2009). The U.S. Can Reclaim Smart Power. Los Angeles Times, 21.
- Obama, B. (2007). Renewing American Leadership. Foreign Affairs, 2-16.
- Obama, B. (2009). The way forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan. White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Remarks as prepared for delivery at the United States Military Academy at West Point, 1. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/thepress-office/remarks-president-address- nation-way-forward-afghanistan-and-pakistan
- Obama, B. (2014). Commencement Address at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York. May 28, 2014. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the- press-office/2014/05/28/ remarks-president- united-states-military-academy- commencement-ceremony
- Obecny, K. (2017). Afghanistan: Renewed Resolve is Needed. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).
- Ondrejcsák, R. (2009). American foreign and security policy under Barack Obama: change and continuity. Panorama of Global Security Environment, 147-162.
- Paul, J. (n.d.). U.N. Involvement in Afghanistan. In Global Policy Forum. https://www.globalpolicy.org/security- council/index-of-countries-on-the-security- council-agenda/afghanistan.html
- Perl, R. (2005, February). U.S. anti-terror strategy and the 9/11 commission report. Library of Congress Washington D.C.Congressional Research Service.
- Pforzheimer, A. (2020, January 29). To End America's War in Afghanistan, U.S. Troops Can't Leave Yet. https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2020/01 /end-americas-war-afghanistan-us-troops- cant-leave-yet/162754/
- Pham, J. P. (2008). What is in the National Interest? Hans Morgenthau's realist vision and American foreign policy. American Foreign Policy Interests, 30(5), 256-265.
- Phillips, J. (1980). The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. The Heritage Foundation.
- Rubin, B. R. (2006). Peace Building and State- Building in Afghanistan: constructing sovereignty for whose security?. Third World Quarterly, 27(1), 175-185.
- Rubin, B.R. (2020, February 26).Afghanistan is not Doomed to Repeat its Past. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/10/26/afghani stan-interim-government-taliban-soviet- union/
- Ruggie, J. (1993).Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form,New York: Columbia University Press.
- Ruggie, J. G. (2006). Doctrinal Unilateralism and its Limits. American Foreign Policy in a Globalized World, 31-50.
- Rumsfeld, D. A. (2001, November 6). Center for Security Policy https://www.hsdl.org/?view
- Salama, V. (2020, September 21). Former Trump National Security Adviser says Withdrawal of U.S. Troops from Afghanistan and Germany is a Mistake.CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/20/politics/ h-r-mcmaster-afghanistan-germany-us- troops/index.htm
- Salman, F. (2019, November 7).The United States cannot repeat its Syria withdrawal mistake in Afghanistan. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new- atlanticist/the-united-states-cannot-repeat-its- syria-withdrawal-mistake-in-afghanistan/
- Sheikh, M. K., & Khan, A. (2019). Prospects of a settlement with the Afghan Taliban: Exit, peace and governance from the Taliban perspective (No. 2019: 01). DIIS Report.
- Smith, M. A. (2012). Power in the changing global order: the U.S., Russia and China. Polity.
- Suhrke, A. (2012). Waging war and building peace in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 19(4), 478-491.
- Tellis, A. J., & Eggers, J. (2017). U.S. Policy in Afghanistan: Changing Strategies, Preserving Gains. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- U.S. Relations with Afghanistan. (2019, July 8). https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with- afghanistan/
- U.N., Security Council, Res. 1378/2001, 14th November
- U.N., Security Council, Res. 1383/2001, 6th December
- U.N., Security Council, Res. 1386/2001, 20th December
- UNDP-Afghanistan (1997-1999) PEACE Initiative: Poverty Eradication and Community Empowerment; United Nation Development Programme USA. https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/81 2-AF97-15013.pdf
- Vigier, C. (2009). Conflict Assessment Afghanistan.
- Whitlock, C. (2019). The Afghanistan Papers A Secret History of the War: Stranded Without A Strategy. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2 019/investigations/ afghanistan- papers/afghanistan-war-strategy/
- Williams, M. J. (2010). Obama nation?: U.S. foreign policy one year on: the right war?: Obama's Afghanistan strategy.
- Zartman, I. W. (1995). Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars. Brookings Institution Press.
Cite this article
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APA : Khokhar, W., Jamil, T., & Hussain, Q. A. (2021). Post 9/11 Trends: Bush to Obama to Trump (Multilateralism and Peace Initiatives in Afghanistan). Global Political Review, VI(I), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-I).04
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CHICAGO : Khokhar, Waseem, Tahir Jamil, and Qamar Abid Hussain. 2021. "Post 9/11 Trends: Bush to Obama to Trump (Multilateralism and Peace Initiatives in Afghanistan)." Global Political Review, VI (I): 37-49 doi: 10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-I).04
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HARVARD : KHOKHAR, W., JAMIL, T. & HUSSAIN, Q. A. 2021. Post 9/11 Trends: Bush to Obama to Trump (Multilateralism and Peace Initiatives in Afghanistan). Global Political Review, VI, 37-49.
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MHRA : Khokhar, Waseem, Tahir Jamil, and Qamar Abid Hussain. 2021. "Post 9/11 Trends: Bush to Obama to Trump (Multilateralism and Peace Initiatives in Afghanistan)." Global Political Review, VI: 37-49
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MLA : Khokhar, Waseem, Tahir Jamil, and Qamar Abid Hussain. "Post 9/11 Trends: Bush to Obama to Trump (Multilateralism and Peace Initiatives in Afghanistan)." Global Political Review, VI.I (2021): 37-49 Print.
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OXFORD : Khokhar, Waseem, Jamil, Tahir, and Hussain, Qamar Abid (2021), "Post 9/11 Trends: Bush to Obama to Trump (Multilateralism and Peace Initiatives in Afghanistan)", Global Political Review, VI (I), 37-49
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TURABIAN : Khokhar, Waseem, Tahir Jamil, and Qamar Abid Hussain. "Post 9/11 Trends: Bush to Obama to Trump (Multilateralism and Peace Initiatives in Afghanistan)." Global Political Review VI, no. I (2021): 37-49. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-I).04