The Growing Strategic Imbalance between China and Russia in Central Asia: Challenges and Opportunities
Central Asias China growing interdependence and fading role of Russia has provoked contentious debates about the growing strategic imbalance in the region. The empirical data in this research paper demonstrates that the domestic, geostrategic and economic interests motivate the nature of China Central Asia and Russia Central Asia relationship. Chinas pragmatic approach for establishing a comprehensive regional policy based on multilateral as well as bilateral relationships in all spheres has given considerable leverage to China and an alternative to Russia which has not been able to evolve a comprehensive policy for the region despite its longstanding political, ethnic, cultural, economic and security relationship with Central Asia. Both powers have similar objectives but different approaches with quite a distinguishable outcome. This study is an effort to analyze the implications of growing interdependence between Chinese and Central Asian states for Russia in the absence of a coherent and comprehensive policy for the region.
-
China, Central Asia, Economy, Geo-strategy, Strategic Imbalance, Cross-Border Ethnic Issues
-
(1) Sartaj
PhD Scholar,Department of Political Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Uzma Siraj
PhD Scholar,Department International Relations,International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Uroosa Ishfaq
MPhil Scholar, Department of Political Science,Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
- American Enterprise Institute. (2019, December 6). China Global Investment Tracker. Retrieved from https://www.aei.org: https://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/
- Atlas Media. (2019, December 11). Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved from https://atlas.media.mit.edu: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/zaf/,2015
- Bessler, P. (2015, December 22). China's https://www.kas.de: https://www.kas.de/en/web/japan/single-title/-/content/chinas-neueseidenstrasse-zentralasien-im-visier
- Bhattacharya, A. (2003). Conceptualising Uyghur separatism in Chinese nationalism. Journal of Strategic Analysis, 27(3), 357-381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09700160308450095
- Brooke, J. (2010, November 15). China Displaces Russia in Central Asia. Retrieved from Voice of America: https://www.voanews.com/a/china-displaces-russia-in-central-asia-108478134/166661.html
- China Daily. (2016, December 22). Mainland moves to use more natural gas. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-12/22/content 27740569.htm
- CNPC. (2019, December 15). Flow of natural gas from Central Asia. Retrieved from https://www.cnpc.com.cn:
- Cummings, S. (2002). Power and Change in Central Asia. London: Routledge Publisher.
- Etkind, A. (2011). Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Fishelson, J. (2007). From the Silk Road to Chevron: The Geopolitics of Oil Pipelines in Central Asia. Journal of RUssian & Asian Studies, 1(7), 22.
- Gartzke, E., Li , Q., & Boehmer, C. (2001). Investing Peace: Economic Interdependence and International Conflict https://doi.org/10.1162/00208180151140612
- Government of China. (2015, April 21). Silk Road Fund's 1st investment makes China's words into practice. Retrieved from http://english.www.gov.cn: http://english.www.gov.cn/news/top_news/2015/04/ 21/content_281475093213830.htm
- Hart, M. (2016, August 18). Central Asia's Oil and Gas Now Flows to the East,. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com: https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/central-asias-oil-and-gas-now-flowsto-the-east/
- HKTDC. (2015, December 4). The Belt and Road Initiative - A Road Map to THE FUTURE. Retrieved December 7, 2019, from http://beltandroad.hktdc.com: http://beltandroad.hktdc.com/en/beltand-road-basics
- Hofman, B. (2015, December 4). China's One Belt One Road Initiative: What we know thus far. Retrieved from http://blogs.worldbank.org: http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/china-one-belt-oneroad-initiative-what-we-know-thus-far
- Huang, Y. (2013, September 5). Financial news. Retrieved from http://paper.people.com.cn/gjjrb/html/2013-09/05/content_1293947.htm
- Huntington, S. P. (1999). The third wave: Democratization in the later Twentieth Century,. Norman: Oklahama University Press.
- Hydrocarbon Technology. (2019). Kazakhstan-China Crude Oil Pipeline. Retrieved from http://www.hydrocarbons technology.com: http://www.hydrocarbons technology.com/projects /Kazakhstan-china-crude-oil-pipeline/
- James, M. (2009). Analyzing Economic Interdependence Theory and Conflict: The case of China. Midwest Political Science Association 67th Annual National Conference. Indiana: Midwest Political Science Association.
- Jokela, J. (2009). The Role of the European Union in Asia: China and India as Strategic Partners. New York: Routledge Publisher.
- Lelik, A. (2016, April 7). Kyrgyzstan: China Replaces Russia As Hydropower Investor. Retrieved from https://eurasianet.org: https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-china-replaces-russia-as-hydropowerinvestor
- Ningzhu, Z. (2013, May 20). China and Tajikistan Relations. Retrieved October 23, 2019, from http://news.xinhuanet.com:
- Niquet, V. (2006). China and Central Asia. China Perspective, 1-14
- Pantucci, R., & Lifan, L. (2013, January 24). Decision time for Central Asia: Russia or China? Retrieved from https://www.opendemocracy.net: https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/li-lifan-raffaellopantucci/decision-time-for-central-asia-russia-or-china
- Pavlenko, A. (2008). Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
- Peyrouse, S. (2016). Discussing China: Sinophilia and Sinophobia in Central Asia https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2015.10.003
- Pomfret, R. (2006). The Central Asian Economies Since Independence. Oxforshire: Princeton University Press.
- Reuters. (2012, December 5). China to expand C.Asian presence with $10 bln in loans. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com: https://www.reuters.com/article/china-centralasia/china-to-expand-casian-presence-with-10-bln-in-loans-idUSL5E8N59DS20121205
- Spechler, M. C., & Spechler, D. R. (2013). Russia's Lost Position in Central Eurasia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 4(1), 1-7.
- Stephen Blank, Y. K. (2013). Same Bed, Different Dreams: China's ‘peaceful rise' and Sino-Russian rivalry in Central Asia. Journal of Contemporary China, 22(83), 773-790. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2013.782126
- Stratfor. (2013, April 13). The Limits of Uzbekistan's Drift Toward Russia. Retrieved July 12, 2019, from https://worldview.stratfor.com: https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/limits-uzbekistans-drifttoward-russia
- Stronski, P., & NG, N. (2018, February 28). Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic. Retrieved from http://carnegieendowment.org: http://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/28/cooperation-and-competition-russia-and-china-incentral-asia-russian-far-east-and-arctic-pub-75673
- Swanström, N. (2011, December). China and Greater Central Asia: New Frontiers? Retrieved from https://www.silkroadstudies.org: https://www.silkroadstudies.org/publications/silkroad-papersand-monographs/item/13108-china-and-greater-central-asia-new-frontiers
- Swanström, N. (2012). Central Asia and Russian Relations: Breaking Out of the Russian Orbit? Brown Journal of World Affairs, 19(1), 101-113. doi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24590931
- Tahir, M. (2011, September 28). In Post-Soviet Central Asia, Russian Takes A Backseat. Retrieved from Radio Free Europe: https://www.rferl.org/a/in_post_soviet_central_asia_russian_takes_a _back_seat/24342710.html
- The Economist. (2013, September 13). Rising China, sinking Russia. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com: https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21586304-vast-regionchinas-economic-clout-more-match-russias-rising-china-sinking
- World Bank. (2019, December). GDP Data. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/: http://data.worldbank.org/
- Xiaodong, Z. (2012, August). The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and counter terrorism cooperation. Retrieved from http://isdp.eu/: http://isdp.eu/content/uploads/publications/2012_zhao_theshanghai-cooperation-organisation.pdf
Cite this article
-
APA : Sartaj., Siraj, U., & Ishfaq, U. (2018). The Growing Strategic Imbalance between China and Russia in Central Asia: Challenges and Opportunities. Global Political Review, III(I), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2018(III-I).04
-
CHICAGO : Sartaj, , Uzma Siraj, and Uroosa Ishfaq. 2018. "The Growing Strategic Imbalance between China and Russia in Central Asia: Challenges and Opportunities." Global Political Review, III (I): 33-43 doi: 10.31703/gpr.2018(III-I).04
-
HARVARD : SARTAJ., SIRAJ, U. & ISHFAQ, U. 2018. The Growing Strategic Imbalance between China and Russia in Central Asia: Challenges and Opportunities. Global Political Review, III, 33-43.
-
MHRA : Sartaj, , Uzma Siraj, and Uroosa Ishfaq. 2018. "The Growing Strategic Imbalance between China and Russia in Central Asia: Challenges and Opportunities." Global Political Review, III: 33-43
-
MLA : Sartaj, , Uzma Siraj, and Uroosa Ishfaq. "The Growing Strategic Imbalance between China and Russia in Central Asia: Challenges and Opportunities." Global Political Review, III.I (2018): 33-43 Print.
-
OXFORD : Sartaj, , Siraj, Uzma, and Ishfaq, Uroosa (2018), "The Growing Strategic Imbalance between China and Russia in Central Asia: Challenges and Opportunities", Global Political Review, III (I), 33-43
-
TURABIAN : Sartaj, , Uzma Siraj, and Uroosa Ishfaq. "The Growing Strategic Imbalance between China and Russia in Central Asia: Challenges and Opportunities." Global Political Review III, no. I (2018): 33-43. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2018(III-I).04